What Are Examples of a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an explanation for a set of observations. Here are examples of a scientific hypothesis. Although you could state a scientific hypothesis in various ways, most hypotheses are either If, then statements or else forms of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis sometimes is called the no difference hypothesis. The null hypothesis is good for experimentation because its simple to disprove. If you disprove a null hypothesis, that is evidence for a relationship between the variables you are examining. For example: Examples of the Null Hypothesis Hyperactivity is unrelated to eating sugar.All daisies have the same number of petals.The number of pets in a household is unrelated to the number of people living in it.A persons preference for a shirt is unrelated to its color. Examples of an If, Then Hypothesis If you get at least 6 hours of sleep, you will do better on tests than if you get less sleep.If you drop a ball, it will fall toward the ground.If you drink coffee before going to bed, then it will take longer to fall asleep.If you cover a wound with a bandage, then it will heal with less scarring. Improving a Hypothesis To Make It Testable While there are many ways to state a hypothesis, you may wish to revise your first hypothesis in order to make it easier to design an experiment to test it. For example, lets say you have a bad breakout the morning after eating a lot of greasy food. You may wonder if there is a correlation between eating greasy food and getting pimples. You propose a hypothesis: Eating greasy food causes pimples. Next, you need to design an experiment to test this hypothesis. Lets say you decide to eat greasy food every day for a week and record the effect on your face. Then, as a control, for the next week, youll avoid greasy food and see what happens. Now, this is not a good experiment because it does not take into account other factors, such as hormone levels, stress, sun exposure, exercise or any number of other variables which might conceivably affect your skin. The problem is that you cannot assign cause to your effect. If you eat french fries for a week and suffer a breakout, can you definitely say it was the grease in the food that caused it? Maybe it was the salt. Maybe it was the potato. Maybe it was unrelated to diet. You cant prove your hypothesis. Its much easier to disprove a hypothesis. So, lets restate the hypothesis to make it easy to evaluate the data: Getting pimples is unaffected by eating greasy food. So, if you eat fatty food every day for a week and suffer breakouts and then dont breakout the week that you avoid greasy food, you can be pretty sure something is up. Can you disprove the hypothesis? Probably not, since it is so hard to assign cause and effect. However, you can make a strong case that there is some relationship between diet and acne. If your skin stays clear for the entire test, you may decide to accept your hypothesis. Again, you didnt prove or disprove anything, which is fine

The Impact Of The Westward Expansion On Women And African...

The Impact of the Westward Expansion on Women and African Americans The Westward Expansion started prior to The Revolutionary War, settlers were migrating westward to what states are now modern day Kentucky and Tennessee in hopes for a fruitful life and larger job opportunity. This Westward Expansion was aided through the Louisiana purchase in 1803, in which the United States purchased territory from France, resulting in doubling in size of the country. This Louisiana purchase was stretched from the Mississippi River to the eastern Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to the south of the Canadian border in the north. In result of the Westward Expansion , families would pick up and walk as far west as†¦show more content†¦They had the burdens of traveling while pregnant and childbearing as well as the rituals of attending to the sick and dying and the caring of infants and the caring and irritable children. Women also felt themselves in antagonistic relationship with them but more often than not when they maintain their silence. This is expressed in this journal account written by Miriam Davis, â€Å" I have cooked so much out in the hot sun and smoke, I hardly know who I am, and when I look into the little Looking Glass I ask â€Å" can this be me?† Put a blanket over my head and I would pass well for an Osage squaw.† The Westward Expansion was the leading outlet for women to try to break the stereotype of domestic femininity. Proving yet the strength and courage women have always had. African Americans were among the many minorities looking for a brighter future through the Westward Expansion, fighting the ideal of slavery at every turn made that problematic. African Americans like whites, were seeking a fitter life after the Westward Expansion. Seeking homes, a better place to work , and a better place to foster a family. The western frontier carried much of the slavery in the Westward Expansion. Slavery was carried into the South West into Mississippi crossing the Mississippi River into Louisiana, finally going into Texas. SlaveryShow MoreRelatedEssay on Boss713 Words   |  3 Pagesand the development of the New England colonies? 4. How did the labor system of white indentured servitude work, and why did plantation owners replace it African slavery? Explain how the African slave trade developed? 5. How did the British victory in the Seven Years War ironically become one of the precipitating causes of the American Revolution? What deeply rooted historical factors moved America towards independence from Britain? 6. What were the primary achievements and failures ofRead MoreThe Speed And Lowered The Expense Of Commerce845 Words   |  4 Pagesthe new nation. People traveled in groups and cooperated with each other to clear land, build houses and barns, and establish communities. 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Yet, these two expressions of hostility to slavery were often closely related not only in their beliefs and their interaction but also in the minds of southern slaveholders who finally came to consider the North as united against them in favor of black emancipation. Although abolitionist feelings had been strong during the American Revolution and in the Upper SouthRead MoreAfrican Americans From The Pacific Northwest Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pages1) Why did many African Americans come to the Pacific Northwest? The growth of the African-American population in the Pacific Northwest (including Washington State, Idaho and Oregon) expanded by 309 percent, between 1940-1950. Many simply came for employment, as WWII contract work gave African-Americans the ability to find steady work in shipyards, defense production opportunities, federal employee positions, Boeing Airplane Company (need for Machinists) and many other employment opportunities forRead MoreThe American Of The Spanish American War1630 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the time of the Spanish American War to the current conflict in the Middle East, the United States went from relative isolation to increased global involvement because of their urge for humanitarianism, economic self-interest, and the search for Manifest Destiny. The consequences of this increased global involvement on American society were the increase of immigrants, increase in resources and â€Å"Yellow Press† media. The United States were the helping hand to Cuba during when America was moving

Managing Diversity and Equal Opportunities †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Managing Diversity and Equal Opportunities. Answer: Introduction Workforce diversity refers to the differences and similarities at the workplace which include age, race, social cultural, religion, physical abilities or disabilities, sexual orientation among others, amongst the employees of a particular organisation (Bedi, Lakra, Gupta, 2014). A diverse workforce means that its workers, suppliers, customers and even the managers comprise of different backgrounds in terms of culture, language, religion, values and others (Mujtaba, 2007).An organization that takes advantage of the diverse talents from different backgrounds benefits from strengthened productivity. Workforce diversity is the policies and those practices that an organization has in place that foster inclusiveness of people who are different from the majority in that prevailing constituency (Bedi et al., 2014). When an organisation manages workplace diversity properly, it can benefit from the strengths and complement the weaknesses of each individual and leverage on the knowledge and sk ills from each person to make a huge impact on performance. Therefore workforce diversity needs to be managed for any organization to realize its full benefits. This paper will discuss managing workforce diversity, why it is important, theories of diversity management, its benefits and negative effects and why it is important to manage diversity at the workplace. Managing diversity in an organisation is an important yet difficult task. An organisation may need to make changes in order to accommodate the changes of each and everyone and maximize their potential and thus be well positioned to meet the business demands in a global environment. There is therefore need for policies and practices and also new ways of thinking and doing things in order to accommodate the different groups of people. Organisations have to be ready to transform the workplace culture so that it is in line with the values of the different people. They have to start by understanding their own identity, the culture and the biases that exist, the prejudices and the stereotypes. Only when this is acknowledged can they move forward towards changing those practices that are biased towards certain groups of people. They must recognize that diversity runs through all the aspects of management in the organisation (Bedi, et al., 2014). Recognition that managing diversity means recognizing people are different and that those differences can be used to add value to the organisation is important for firms. Good management practices can be used to maximize on the benefits that accrue from diversity so that all employees feel valued and have freedom to contribute to organizations goal achievement. The strategies for managing diversity that work in one situation may not work in another situation. There is no rule to how organisations should manage diversity and each organisation has to devise the strategies that work for their circumstances. An organisation response to diversity can range from doing nothing to having a full strategy to deal with workforce diversity that places various interventions in to the organization framework. Organisations possible reactions to diversity may include exclusion, denial, assimilation, suppression, isolation, tolerance, relationship building to mutual adaptation. They may choose to ignore or address the diverse backgrounds of their employees, view it as a challenge or an opportunity or choose to be proactive or reactive to diversity (Podsiadlowski, et al., 2013). With globalisation and internationalization of organisations, diversity is likely to continue to grow in workplaces in the long run (Okoro Washington, 2012). Diversity in our current global world is a fact of life and is a necessity for one to function appropriately in the universe especially important at the work place. It makes a workplace more interesting and attractive but if not managed properly can cause people to be annoyed by comments or behaviors from others in a diverse team. This makes the workplace more challenging and unpredictable as diversity can be both a good thing but yet create conflict if not well managed. Some of the beliefs challenge peoples values embedded in their minds since they were young thus making them uncomfortable (Mujtaba, 2007). The differences in the world today continue to be reflected in organizations. Each then has the responsibility to be aware of these differences and become respectful towards individuals who are different and unique. Understanding, tolerance, respect of those differences is important for one to take advantage of each persons unique skills and maximize on productivity of employees for competitive advantage. All employees and managers must be culturally competent for them to be successful. This means they must continue to learn how to function well in a culturally diverse environment (Mujtaba, 2007).The organization must therefore invest in training employees for them to become culturally competent. Theories of Managing Diversity There are two broad approaches to workplace diversity management. These are Institutional Theory and secondly Resource Based Theory (Yang, Konrad, 2011). This approach emphasizes that organisation structures cannot be separated from their social environments (Yang, Konrad, 2011). The structuring of organisations provides meaning to the social behavior in those organisations. They include the regulative institutions which are the regulations, laws and rules. The normative institutions refer to the professional and social norms. The cognitive institutions refer to the ethics and the culture. All these institutions put pressure on the organisations and they are expected to conform. Organisations thus adopt structures that conform to societal expectations in order to gain legitimacy and thus approval from both internal and external stakeholders. The institutional theory thus influences the diversity management practices and how they are implemented (Yang, Konrad, 2011). This theory recognizes that organisations consist of various resources which include physical, financial, human and corporate capital. These resources determine an organisation ability to implement business strategies and thus determine a firms performance. Valuable resources are those that allow a firm to perform effectively and efficiently. The resources that are valuable and not easily accessible or held by just a few firms help a firm achieve competitive advantage. The resources that are of value, are not commonly available and cannot be imitated help a firm gain sustained and competitive advantage. This ability is determined by an organisations structure and its procedures and the practices. According to this theory these resources determine the selection of diversity management practices, their implementation and outcomes (Barney Clark, 2007). Organisations manage diversity for social responsibility. This is because most of the practices of diversity are for the disadvantaged groups and making them more accepted and valued at work. By diversifying the work place, such groups are given a fair chance to earn a salary and take care of their needs. It also supports groups of people who were previously getting supported and give them a chance to earn and pay tax thus economically empowering them. This then can be considered as a good action towards social responsibility (Bedi et al., 2014). Diversity is also managed as a source of talent. Workplace talent is represented by people from diverse places and backgrounds and experiences. Discriminatory practices can stop a company from attracting and retaining top talent. Competitive companies will therefore put in place policies and practices that cater for diverse talent in order to attract the best talent and retain them for competitive advantage. Another reason for managing diversity is in compliance with legal requirements. Companies have a legal mandate to have practices that are not discriminative. Companies that do not comply face heavy fines or even loss of contracts from government agencies and thus incur losses. It is therefore good business practice to comply with the legal requirements of the area companies operate in (Bedi et al., 2014). Other stakeholders may not want to do business with a company that is seen to flout labor requirements or that practice discriminatory practices against a group of people. Managing diversity is also done as a marketing strategy. The customer base in the global world is represented by people from different cultures and beliefs. To attract and retain the customer base from different places, organisations must then hire people from the same diverse pool. This will ensure diverse ideas and knowledge which is useful for the company to deliver to their customers satisfaction. The diversity in the customer base has to be reflected in the employee base for success. Diversity is also managed as a business communication strategy. There is growth in the diversity of companies stakeholders including the suppliers, the vendors, the customers and all others partners. With a homogenous workforce, a company is likely to become very ineffective in its communication. Diversity helps to overcome the barriers in this communication as employees from different backgrounds will be helpful in understanding communication to their unique groups (Bedi et al., 2014). Finally, managing diversity is for capacity building. Companies that succeed in the changed business times are those that are quick to adapt to the new situations, resolve problems quickly, identify new opportunities and exploit them. This is achievable with a diverse pool of talent, knowledge and experiences of the employees. Valuable employees are those with unique qualities and perspectives (Bedi et al., 2014). Companies that recruit employees from diverse backgrounds know that they will work differently and therefore change the old ways of doing business for success. Benefits of Workplace Diversity The challenges and opportunities created by diversity affect all organizations in the world to an extent. Some of the critical diversity issues affecting the world include racial supremacy, cultural identification, unfair compensation based on gender or other minority status all having an effect at the workplaces. Currently, some countries like the USA are having conflicts based on racial supremacy while other organizations have conflicts based on unfair pay based on race and gender differences (Mujtaba, 2007). Workforce diversity is now one of the important issues in all organizations and in every sector. While previously workforce diversity was viewed as a compliance with the laws issue only, organisations are now changing and consider diversity as a strategy issue and considering how diversity can be used to achieve organisation goals. Employee diversity benefits organisations by encouraging different perspectives and solutions to workplace problems but it can also lead to conflict, miscommunication and mistrust (Pitts Recascino, 2010). Sustaining and encouraging diversity is important in the world for the development needs of democratic societies. Studies have shown that diversity in higher learning institutions enhances the learning experience and makes environment better for supporting lifelong relationships. Diverse learning environments also prepare students for the increased global and complex world and cultivate mutual respect and team work in them (Okoro Washington, 2012). Managing of the human resource activities is important for the growth, sustainability and success of organisations around the world and thus in Australia. Cultural diversity is central to national identity in Australia with about 25% of Australians born overseas. Discrimination in any part of public life is therefore against the law and this implies even in employment according to the Racial discrimination Act of 1975 (Australian Human Rights Commission). Diverse organisations like Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) have policies and strategies that support diversity in gender, languages differences and disability and have been striving for workplace inclusivity and flexibility (ABC, 2014). In 2016, Envato was awarded as being top diversity company in Australia by JobAdviser (Longman, 2016). A company with a diverse workforce also has a better understanding of the global market place. Diverse organisations have better productivity and thus higher profits than those that are not diverse due to the diverse cultures that encourage employees to perform at the best. When employees feel valued regardless of their backgrounds, they become hardworking and loyal which improves on the overall productivity and profits of the company. Their customers from different cultures and who may speak different languages also benefit from service offered in their own languages (Bedi et al., 2014). Diversity also encourages exchange of good ideas and also team work. A diverse team benefits from different ideas and perspectives especially towards a complex task and explore best solutions within a short time. Different people bring in their diverse experiences when tackling team tasks thus strengthening productivity. Marketing and advertising activities may benefit with a better understanding of different cultures which is easy to gain from a diverse team (Bedi et al., 2014). Diversity gives an opportunity to employees for learning and growth. Employees are exposed to different cultures, ideas and ways of doing things. This enables them to have a clear outlook to the organisation and their place in the global perspective and thus learn more and grow intellectually from the different ideas gathered. With frequent exchange of ideas and knowledge, the employees become more global in their search for problems within the organisation thus better to serve global customers (Bedi et al., 2014). It enhances effective communication. It enhances an organisations relationships with certain groups of customers and other stakeholders thus making communication more effective. When an employee is serving customers whom they share a language or culture, it enhances the relationship with the customer as they feel at home and can be able to communicate effectively thus become loyal to the company. The benefits of workforce diversity will be enjoyed by careful planning and commitment by organisations for them to hire and retain a diverse mix of employees and also promote and reward them without any form of discrimination (Henry Evans, 2007). Negative Effects of Diversity Workforce diversity does not automatically mean positive benefits. If not well managed, it could potentially lead to some challenges. Intercultural communication is a daunting challenge in organisations. It is important that the business communicator is adapts quickly to changed responsibilities and working relationships. Managing diversity is much more than simply acknowledging differences in people. With increased globalization, increased immigration, increased number of women at the workplace among other factors continues to fuel the trends in diversity. The diverse workforce brings along communication challenges and affects how communication happens at the workplace (Bovee, Thill, 2012). Supervisors and managers are faced with the challenge of motivating and creating harmonious relationships among colleagues. Managers may also face losses brought about by work productivity, negative attitudes and behaviors that act as barriers to diversity. An organisation that ignores diversity is likely to be faced by law suits and low staff morale (Okoro Washington, 2012). Some companies have suffered from unethical and unfair practices to some employees from minority groups. This always leaves a negative impact on the organisation performance and the society in general. In some cases, some organizations have suffered from law suits when employees have suffered from discrimination based on their differences. It is in the interest of organisations to promote fair treatment of all groups of people regardless of their backgrounds. This will not only result to enhance performance by employees but also retention of talent and avoidance of losses resulting from lawsuits and bad reputation. It also encourages all employees to work synergistically with the interest of productivity and competitiveness. According to Brian andAmrik (1999), the challenges of workforce diversity are not adequately addressed by organisations in Australia. Therefore more needs to be done to achieve the highest benefits of diversity. Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that companies who hire diverse employees achieve competitive advantage over those that do not. Companies that enjoy the benefits of diversity are those that hire diverse employees because of their differences and acknowledge the value they will bring in to the business and thus leverage on them. The organisation must select from the different diversity management practices what works best for their circumstances. When diversity is managed appropriately, it grants a firm sustained competitive advantage. The companies that hope to survive in this global world must embrace strategies that promote workforce diversity. This paper has discussed workforce diversity management, the theories of diversity management and why it is important for firms to manage diversity. It has also discussed the benefits of workforce diversity and highlighted some negative effects of diversity. References ABC. ( 2014). Equity and Diversity Annual Report. Retrieved August 29, 2017 from: https://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/EquityAndDiversityAnnualRPT2015.pdf Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved August 29, 2017 from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/face-facts-cultural-diversity Barney, J., Clark, D. (2007). Resource-based Theory: Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Bedi, P., Lakra, P., Gupta, E. (2014). Workforce Diversity Management: Biggest Challenge or Opportunity for 21st Century Organizations.Journal of Business and Management,16(4), 102-107. Brian DNetto,Amrik S. (1999). Human Resource Practices and Workforce Diversity: an Empirical Assessment.International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 20 Issue: 8, pp.530-547 Bovee, C., Thill, J. (2012).Excellence in Business Communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Henry, O. Evans, A. (2007). Critical Review of Literature on Workforce Diversity.African Journal of Business Management,1(4). Longman, N. (2016). Envato is Australias coolest company for diversity. Australia Business Review. Retrieved August 29, 2017 from: https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/leadership/2322/Envato-is-Australias-coolest-company-for-diversity Mujtaba, B. (2007).Workforce Diversity Management: Challenges, Competencies and Strategies(pp. 207-229). Llumina Press. Okoro, E., Washington, M. (2012). Workforce Diversity and Organizational Communication: Analysis of Human Capital Performance and Productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), 57. Pitts, D., Recascino Wise, L. (2010). Workforce Diversity in the New Millennium: Prospects for Research.Review of public personnel administration,30(1), 44-69. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., Van Der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a Culturally Diverse Workforce: Diversity Perspectives in Organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), 159-175. Yang, Y., Konrad, A. (2011). Understanding Diversity Management Practices: Implications of Institutional Theory and Resource-based Theory.Group Organization Management,36(1), 6-38.

Review of Economics and Statistics Broke My Lease

Question: Its a management class we have to write one page about anything happen to you. Answer: When I broke my lease with the apartment I rent The apartment I rented was in the town of Toledo in United States. I rented this apartment last year during the month of July. The apartment was close to my university. So I opted for this apartment and I took my apartment for lease of two years. But in the month of January of this year, I broke my lease with the apartment before completing two years term (Chen et al. 2014). I had already paid my landlord the rent for one year. I had agreed to pay the rent every year. But when I decided to leave my apartment, I had asked my landlord for the refund. He did not agree to refund me my money. So I decided to convince him with the help of local leaders. He refused to listen to them as well. He said that this is against the terms and policy of his agreement (Ambrose et al. 2015). I was disheartened to lose the money. I had to shift to another apartment which was nearer to my university and was cheaper than the previous one. I had thought of teaching my landlord a lesson so that he does not make such agreements in future. The day I planned to teach him a lesson, he called me in the morning to return the remaining money keeping one months rent. He apologized to me for not returning me the remaining money, initially. He said the law of the States do not permit to keep the rent of one year. He had to deduct a months rent and will have to return the rest. Thus, I got back my money and moved happily to my new apartment. References Ambrose, B.W., Coulson, N.E. and Yoshida, J., 2015. The repeat rent index. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(5), pp.939-950. Chen, J., Wang, J. and Bell, P.C., 2014. Lease expiration management for a single lease term in the apartment industry. European Journal of Operational Research, 238(1), pp.233-244.

Finding Me free essay sample

Usually when I tell someone that I plan to major in Archaeology they give me a sideways glance, then they exclaim on how cool and interesting that would be. Some people even ask how I came up with a crazy idea as that. To answer their question I start from the beginning. The beginning would be that growing up I have always wanted to be something I saw on the television. I wanted to be a doctor because I grew up watching ER. When I was thirteen I found the glorious job of a Forensic Anthropologist on the hit television show Bones. But soon after I decided that maybe just a CSI would be enough. Then when I hit high school I decided that I needed to get my head out of the clouds and find something that might be more practical and less glorified on television. I found myself drawn back to the medical field. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom is a radiological technician and one of my aunts is a nurse so I thought I might have a calling in the medical field. I stumbled across physical therapy. Something special about me is once I set my mind to something I am in, all in. I found a list of colleges that were the best for physical therapy and made my plans, I am also a big planner. I thought I had my whole life set. That was until I took a trip with a group from my school to Italy and Greece. Ever since I was a young child I remember wanting to go to Italy. My great grandmother, who was also my best friend, migrated from Italy. But when I was six she passed away. The want to go to Italy became a need. The trip was amazing. I made new friends, ate new food, and was introduced to the beautiful life of the Ancient Romans and Greeks. I got to stand in the Roman Forum where great orators spoke and the Vestal Virgins kept the flame burning. We ran the race where the Greeks held the first Olympics. I got to stand under the paintings of Michelangelo and was moved to tears while standing in front of his Pieta. That was all so amazing, but the most life changing moment came when we went to Mycenaean. Our tour guide showed us the family graves and walked through the infamous lion gates. At one point he told us that archaeologist from a university were still digging. In that moment my whole life plans changed, because in that moment no television show mattered or trying to follow in the steps of my mother or aunt. In that moment I found me. So as my dad jokes and calls in agriculture or my friend tells me to go find a dinosaur I will laugh. I’m not going to laugh because they are funny†¦which they are not. I am going to laugh because when I think of archaeology I think of the beautiful, warm Greek day when I found myself. For all the people that think archaeology is odd for me to find myself doing, maybe they are right, but being odd is what I want to do. Archaeology is going to be what makes me happy. And they all say, all you ever need in life is what makes you happy. Finding Me free essay sample I packed another duffel bag to the point where I could barely zipper it closed. I headed downstairs for another weekend away from home and yet another lengthy car ride, consisting of naps and bags of goldfish. My mom and I drove through the night, pausing at rundown rest stops (of which are all too familiar) to take a break from the seemingly never-ending journey. Once we reached the hotel room, we instantly fell asleep upon contact with the white sheets. The following morning included mediocre buffet breakfast and more time in the car to arrive at the final destination. Until last year, I played for lacrosse and volleyball club teams that required attendance to tournaments out of town almost every weekend during the year. I dreaded the long weekends cooped up in a dimly lit hotel room, mindlessly staring at the television and avoiding my teammates. I would glance through social media to see all the things I was missing out on back at home, jealous of the memories my friends were making without me. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It took my mother dragging me out of the hotel room before I realized that these trips did not have to be terrible after all. We found the best coffee shops or restaurants around town and made it our mission to experience them like the locals. In addition to searching for swanky restaurants, my mom also suggested that my family participate in educational activities while out of town, so in the bigger cities we visited art museums. While visiting Washington, D.C. for a volleyball tournament, I was convinced this trip would end up in the books as one that was no fun. Because we had some free time during this weekend, my mom and I paid a visit to the National Gallery of Art. The moment I sauntered into one of the galleries, I was mesmerized. I stared in awe at the countless walls in front of me, covered with canvases depicting masterpieces that I had only ever seen in books or on the Internet before. With works by Pissarro, Monet, Degas, and Van Gogh surrounding me, I found myself suddenly engrossed in the stories that these artists were trying to tell. I made it my priority to visit the museums when participating in tournaments in Philadelphia and Cleveland to absorb all the information that I could in the short hour that I had in between games. Soon I began to look forward to tournaments, not because of the athletic activities, but because of the museum visits that we always carved out time for. These international artists and the messages conveyed through their paintings sparked my interest in learning more about the world’s languages, cultures, and histories. Italian class at school became relevant because I realized that I had the privilege to become fluent in a timeless language, which would give me the ability to later learn about Italian culture. My closed mind was suddenly opened; I could see the world in a different way than I did before, I yearned for opportunities to learn something new. I became more comfortable exploring the world outside of my hometown and started paying more attention to global news. I craved to actively understand the world’s issues as events happened. I made frequent visits to the local art museum, and could still find something new to marvel at every time. These expeditions influenced many of the classes I selected as part of my senior year class schedule and guided me to decide what I want to study for the next few years of my life. Although I have missed out on countless social events while away many weekends, I learned there is so much information about the world that cannot be explored while trapped in a hotel room, mindlessly texting my friends or watching a low-rated reality show.

Yasmin almonte lantzs herstory essays

Yasmin almonte lantz's herstory essays Red is the predominant color in all of Yasmin Almonte-Lantzs works. This is because she believes that Red is blood, red is life, red is death, red is love, red is violence, red is passion. And truly, all her works reflect much about life from a womans perspective. In almost all her paintings, women are made as subjects. For example, in the piece Herstory, we know right away from the title that the subject is a her; a woman. It is also part of her feminism that she depicts women in her paintings as beautiful objects. I especially love the vivid details she puts into the women in her pieces. Although most are in their birthday suits, I understand this method to be a portrayal of the beauty and innocence, innate in every woman. From first glance, and without knowing the title of Almonte-Lantzs painting, one would immediately notice the predominant color, red, being used as a background, which looks like some sort of fire. Then there are three images: a puppet, and a kneeling woman, both bounded together by a red ribbon. However, at a closer look, one could see another feminine figure, blending among the flames. Her face is undefined because of the absence of facial features such as the eyes and mouth, but she does, however have a nose. Also, she is positioned upside down. The painting, with its colors, and characters, is a scary sight. The first thing that I saw upon looking at the painting was agony. The characters looked real and imposing, as if they were in hell. The overall effect was that the subjects of the painting are falling into the fiery abyss. And what I saw from the faces of the subjects was a look of pleasure, yet one of immense pain at the same time. For instance, the puppet and the kneel ing woman in the painting had eyes. However, the more I look at it, the more they seem to be hollow slots without eyeballs. The features of the kneeling woman projected a hint of ...

China Admits New Tainted-Milk Case is Older Essay

China Admits New Tainted-Milk Case is Older - Essay Example New York Times continues to point out that enquiry into the Shanghai Panda Dairy Company started about two months before Chinese regulators arrested the culprits. According to New York Times reporter David Barboza, doctoring of milk came to attention of news and China regulators back in February the year 2009. According to Shen Weiping, one of officers at Fengxian District prosecution officer, the apprehension of executives from Panda Dairy occurred in the April in the year 2009 (Barboza, 2010: 1). This story continues to reveal that Mr. Shen took a lot of time to alert the public about contaminated milk from Shanghai Panda Dairy. Mr. Shen did not inform the public about the closure of the dairy factory in question. This created unwanted tension in the public arena. Actions of this prosecution officer contravened China’s safety law, which it enacted in June 2009. The law demanded that food producers should notify businesspeople and consumers of grave food safety troubles. To a ggravate the conflict between Shanghai Panda Dairy, consumers, and the public, the government of China maintained silence on the matter. It did not report on whether the contaminated milk at stake had caused sickness to any citizen (Barboza, 2010: 1). ... The actions of media houses to reach the dairy hit a dead rock. The factory did not answer any phone call that emanated from outside source. To aggravate this grave issue, the General Administration for Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine did not reply to the appeals of media for an interrogation. This prompted legal experts to declare the delay to report the contamination of milk to the public and consumers a troublesome case (Barboza, 2010: 1). Wang Xixin, who is a professor of constitutional law at Peking University, claimed national and local quality supervision bureaus contravened China’s law for failing to report Shanghai Panda’s case to the public. According to the professor, the government of China concealed important information thereby putting the health of Chinese at stake. David, writer with New York Times, reveals that executives at Shanghai Panda convened a meeting in December 2008, after the public demanded a recall of melamine-tainted milk powd er (Barboza, 2010:1). According to this story, the executives come to a decision to re-sell the tainted milk. The management disregarded public outcry and did not mind the health issue of Chinese. Mr. Shen disclosed that Panda Dairy blended contaminated elements with other safe products and resold it. Media in China was instrumental to bring stories of outraged parents who claimed that their children suffered from melamine-related disorders. This prompted government of China to stage a countrywide crackdown on melamine-contaminated milk. According to New York Times, China inspection agencies found that 22 huge dairy companies processed milk that contained high levels of melamine (Barboza, 2010: 1). The stories of the sale of unhygienic milk in China

Globalization (Korean-wave or Korean-pop) Research Paper

Globalization (Korean-wave or Korean-pop) - Research Paper Example This research will help the people to understand what the effect of globalization of different culture is and how it helps the Korean Pop culture to spread all across the globe. Apart from that this research paper will also help us to discuss the effect of globalization on the Korean Pop culture and also how it influences other music types across the globe. With the help of this research paper we can analyze the effect of globalization in a particular field like culture and music. Being a culturally rich country, the main aim of Korea is to spread their culture all across the globe. These reviews will help us analyze different positive and negative effects of globalization, how Korean wave culture uses this concept of globalization in their advantage to promote their culture. The working thesis of this paper will be â€Å"globalization is just a supporting tool not the essential one to promote the Korean Pop culture as this culture have the essence in it to get noticed by the world†. The answer of the research questions will be based on the literature review, primary research. Through literature review we will discuss about different author’s and scholars viewpoint about how the globalization plays a role in cultural mix and match across the globe and how it plays a role in the journey of Korean pop music. The primary research will help us to get the present conception about the effects of globalization on the Korean culture in terms of both positive and negative, along with the opinion of common man regarding how the globalization helps in popularity of Korean pop or Korean wave. While answering this paper we will take a primary research based approach with supporting the view of the positive impact of globalization based on different author’s viewpoints. The primary research will be based on 10 questions, out of which 8 will be close ended questions and rest 2 open ended. The answers of the open ended questions

Geography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geography - Research Paper Example On an average the city receives sunlight for most part of the year and summers are quite sunny and dry. During the winter months, the city experiences precipitation when the temperature drops excessively. The geological issue I chose to write about is about the threat of Tsunami’s in the Los Angeles region. Los Angeles has an approximate area of about 2000 sq. miles and is about 340 ft. above sea level. Besides many issues, Los Angeles faces the problem of unusual weather phenomena. Escalating the problem still further is the pollution of the air and the formation of smog. In addition to this, they have the Santa Ana winds that blow extensively at 50 miles per hour and brings with it hot and dusty air. In the canyon areas, they experience occasional flash floods that cause dangerous mudslides. Los Angeles lies on the sea coast near a geologic feature called a strike slip fault which is usually active. A strike slip fault is where two tectonic plates slide over each other and displaces a portion of that area that could trigger a Tsunami. Matt Hornbach, research associate from the University of Texas at Austin and his team carried out their research through Geological field surveys in the Los Angeles region to gauge the amount of risk involved due to Tsunami’s in that region. Their research vessel of 165ft. was called ‘Endeavor’ which the researchers used to collect important data on the faults on the sea floor. The also conducted an underwater topography to make a study of the land movement and the waves of the Tsunami. Haiti experienced an earthquake on January 12th and a team of Geologists were commissioned to make a study of the earthquake and the Tsunami’s that followed. The general belief by geologists was that there was a high risk of Tsuna mis when faults give up or rupture displacing part of the sea floor. However, latest research in the area has proved that even a moderate

German Expressionism in Film: A History

German Expressionism in Film: A History THE RISE AND FALL  OF  GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM RAVISHANKAR.N INTRODUCTION German Expressionism refers to a number of related creative movements in Germany before the First World War during the 1920s. These developments in Germany were part of a larger Expressionist movement in north and central European art. German Expressionism as a movement spanned many media, including theatre, architecture, music, painting and sculpture. It is an important but sadly overlooked field in the history of art in the twentieth century. It was very complex, different, off-beat and probably the most depressive and emotion exploiting of all art forms. German Expressionism was not just in movies, but also overall generally in drama, stage, theatre, paintings, dance, and many other artistic movements. Popular themes of these include were madness, betrayal, insanity, and other â€Å"intellectual† topics (as opposed to standard action-adventure and romantic films), as they appealed to an intellectual fan base. RISE AND BRIEF HISTORY During the period of recovery following World War I, the German film industry was booming. However, because of the hard economic times, filmmakers found it difficult to create movies that could compare with the extravagant features coming from Hollywood. The filmmakers of the German Universum Film AG studio, better known as the UFA developed their own style by using symbolism and mise en scà ¨ne to add mood and deeper meaning to a movie. The first Expressionist films made up for their low budgets by using set designs with wildly non-realistic, geometrically absurd sets, along with designs painted on walls and floors to represent lights, shadows, and objects. In the beginning the term â€Å"Expressionism† was used to show that their interpretation of Art was different from other peoples. But eventually the phrase would eventually start to be given to anyone showing a disturbing point of view or showing some mental illnesses in their work according to critics. Basically anythin g that was different from other movies started to be called Expressionism. Eventually by the 1920s, German film industry had become very popular in Europe and encouraged film movements across the world to start experimenting with different ideals and emotional states. In fact, the influence crossed the oceans over into America when Hitler came into power, because all the Expressionist actors, directors, producers, went to America. So this was a very influential movement as well. But the artists involved in Expressionism never concerned themselves with what the term might mean, which is why it continued to evolve and take upon different new meanings until it effectively became an umbrella term. The main idea was always artistic expression. In fact, many expressionists had voluntarily joined the First World War in the hope that it would inspire them and their art and create social change as well. By the end of the Second World War, there were three main schools in Expressionism. INFLUENCE It is no question that German cinema from 1910 to 1940 was far ahead of American cinema and other cinemas in Europe and worldwide. Along with German expressionist films, it was the number of German immigrants to America as well as to other countries, who helped develop film techniques and provide more intellectual strength to film movements. Some of the more influential films of the movement was Cabinet of Dr.Caligari (1920). That film set the tone for many of the features of the movement. That included evil characters in the plot who usually had madness and obsessions, with the story told from very subjective angles. And instead of high and mighty buildings and artificial lifestyles, it showed dark and gritty urban underworld and lifestyles of people. Areas were structures with angled archways, staircases, windows, connected together in strange ways to create different atmospheres – with shadows being used often. Other famous films include Nosferatu (1922) which created the horror genre, and Metropolis (1927) which created the science fiction genre. Also, today most films have unconventional plot lines, heroes, and a lot of other things that one can attribute to the German Expressionist movement. Horror film and film noir were two genres that were especially influenced by Expressionism. Carl Laemmle and Universal Studios had made a name for themselves by producing such famous horror films of the silent era as Lon Chaneys The Phantom of the Opera. German filmmakers such as Karl Freund (the cinematographer for Dracula in 1931) set the style and mood of the Universal monster movies of the 1930s with their dark and artistically designed sets, providing a model for later generations of horror films. Directors such as Fritz Lang, Billy Wilder, Otto Preminger, Alfred Hitchcock, and Michael Curtiz  introduced the Expressionist style to crime dramas of the 1940s, expanding Expressionisms influence on modern film making. DOWNFALL It was before the Second World War when the downfall of German Expressionism began. When Hitler came in power, he preferred old Greek and Roman style art which showed racial superiority. Expressionists were deemed anti-German and a threat to German culture and racial superiority, and many fled to America where they continued to further develop their art. By this point, Expressionism had went from personal to social to political themes and was now a very diverse genre that would influence Film Noir and New Hollywood in the future. After the end of inflation in 1924, Weimar reality stabilized and films sought to be realistic, objective, documentary (in accordance with the cool, sober â€Å"New Objectivity† in painting, photography, and literature). Also, the introduction of sound after 1928 forced the films to become more â€Å"realistic†. But there are a few exceptions including Murnau’s Faust and Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (both 1926) were the last major Expressionist films, both excessive in their production values. REASONS FOR DOWNFALL Though the ideas still stand the test of time due to their universal appeal to people of all generations and times, the extreme non-realism of Expressionism was short-lived, fading away after only a few years. However, the themes of Expressionism were integrated into later films of the 1920s and 1930s, resulting in an artistic control over the placement of scenery, light, etc. to enhance the mood of a film. It could be said that the specific movement of German Expressionism died mostly due to politics. Hitler and his Nazi party deemed the expressionists as immoral, people who had destroyed art and culture. They were considered unpatriotic people, and the fact that most Expressionists were Jews made the matters worse. The ideas of the Expressionists as a result started to spread out farther and farther to other areas instead of Germany during Hitler’s regime and the tone became more and more political in nature. Some of the potential was not fulfilled because of the limitations of technology at the time. If you compare Science Fiction and Horror of today to German Expressionism you see both the big influence, but also the limitations of German Expressionists. The ideas were great but were just not ready for mass consumption at the time. But from a purely artistic and creative perspective they are timeless just for the same reasons. With limited things they still managed to stretch limits of human imagination with their works. LEGACY Notable filmmakers (Lubitsch, Murnau), actors (Jannings, Veidt, Dietrich), cameramen (Karl Freund), were lured to Hollywood. This type of film making was brought to America when the Nazis gained power and a number of German filmmakers emigrated to Hollywood. These German directors found American movie studios willing to embrace their ideas, and several German directors and cameramen flourished there, producing a repertoire of Hollywood films, which had a big impact on film as a whole. British Alfred Hitchcock was influenced by the Expressionist movement, using their techniques and direct homages in several of his films as well as acknowledging the influence in interviews. Hitchcock’s film making in turn influenced far more film makers and shows the Expressionists overall reach in terms of film influence. Tim Burton’s dark characteristics in his films are also influenced by German Expressionism. Stylistic elements from German Expressionist films are very common regardless, being seen in everything from Batman movies to films like Shutter Island. Trees: A Sign Of Life | Analysis Trees: A Sign Of Life | Analysis Have you heard of a car running without a fuel? No. Similarly, for survival of every living being requires some sort of fuel. Oxygen serves as the life line for us. Trees and plants generate oxygen by photosynthesis by utilizing the sunlight. It is simply impossible of thinking life without trees. Besides providing oxygen trees provide us with food, furniture, fuel and shelter. Moreover, trees are the friends of humanity. They have marvelous feature, colors of their lives are simply breath taking. Ralph Waldo Emerson said The wonder is that we can see these trees and not wonder more Ralph Waldo Emerson. Trees are true friends of humanity. The trees are oxygen providers and are called the lungs of planet. They not only absorb carbon dioxide which is injurious to us but also produces oxygen which is a source of life on our planet earth. With the industrial development and excessive use of fuel like petrol and gas, produces a huge amount of carbon dioxide. Trees are air purifiers they filter polluted air by absorbing the carbon contents. Thus trees decrease the air pollution which keep the environment clean and provide pure air to breath. Trees also play role in lessening the sound pollution. According to United States Department of Agriculture, a properly designed buffer of trees and shrubs reduces the sound pollution by 10 decibels or about 50% as received by human ear. Evaporation from the leaves brings about the formation of clouds; these clouds cause rain and irrigate the land which increases the crop production. Moreover, they also keep the temperature milder. Trees help in incre asing the fertility of soil. Roots of trees keep the soil intact and decrease the soil erosion. Trees provide us with beauty and peace of mind. They fill our heart with unexplainable happiness. Green color of trees symbolizes self-respect and well being. They are the essential part of nature. Martin Luther says For in the nature of things, if we rightly consider, every green tree is far more glorious than if it were made of gold and silver. Trees have a significant role in our daily life. Despite its complex chemical nature, wood has excellent properties which lend themselves to human use. Mostly trees are use to manufacture furniture. Different species of trees are use to make different types of furniture. They vary in softness, hardness and flexibility. The wood we get from trees is used in the production of home and office furniture. Furniture industry is the source of employ for thousands of people all around the globe. Many countries export their marvelous designed furniture and earn a huge amount of foreign exchange. In other words trees helps in the flourishing of an economy of country. Now plastic furniture is also used alongside .Many types of sports equipment are made of wood. For example, cricket bats are made of white willow. The baseball bats are usually made of hickory and now days they are mostly manufacture of maple wood. The cellulose of trees is used in the manufacturing of papers. All around the world trees wood is use in construction of buildings. Wood is oldest material used by humans for constructional purposes, after stone. Even where other building materials are preferred, wood remains a major component in roofing, flooring, doors and windows and their frames, as external cladding and in furniture and fittings. Also for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, twigs (miswaks), toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon. Wood is mostly preferred to make cooking utensils because of its non-conducting properties. Woods also provide shelter and safety for living beings. Shelter is essential for birds. Birds feel safe and secure the shelter provided by trees. A garden with adequate shelter attracts a wider range of birds. A good shelter also save the birds from harsh weather .the shelter provided by trees protects the birds from extreme coldness and shade during summer season. During summers trees provide a shelter and shadow to the animals likes cows, cattle etc. Forest around the world is home for about 90% of the worlds terrestrial biodiversity. Moreover, human beings mostly in summer also enjoy a nap under the cool shady trees .Trees wood are also use to build houses which not only provide a decent look but also economical. Abundant tree reduces the flood water flow. A farmer in the Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan has suffered financial loss of 4million rupees ($44,000) as his cotton crop has ruined. But now he has planted mango, date and neem trees and when again the flood hits Khairpur, he repair ed water channels, buy new cotton seeds and pesticides from the income he earned from trees.(Saleem sheikh and Sughra Tunio are climate change and development reporters based in Karachi,Pakistan.This story is a part of series supported by the climate and development knowledge network.(www.trust.org). Trees are the source of sustenance of life as they provide food and medicine. Food from tree not only fulfills human appetite, but also provides fodder for animals. Food obtain from trees have a nutritional value. They are the cheap source of providing essential vitamins and minerals. Trees mostly provide fruits like mangoes, oranges etc and coffee beans. More importantly, trees are important in areas which are affected by flood and famines. They provide food when all the crops are destroyed due to excessive water or drought. A healthy environment ensures an excessive greenery and fodder for animals. According to FAO (food and agriculture organization of UN) a reliable supply of fodder is critical to the 30 to 40 million pastoralists world-wide. If an adequate supply of food is available to animals then it directly increases the livestock availability, by providing more milk and extra meet for people. The increase in production of milk and meet will make them easily available and low er the prices of these items. From early days trees and herbs are used to cure many diseases. Since May 1978 the World Health Organization has been making a study of medicinal plants. This study prompted the initial identification of 20000 species of medicinal plants and a more detailed investigation of a short list of 200(http://www.fao.org/documents/en/detail/1997). Many trees are used due to their medicinal properties. The medicine prepared from these trees helps in the fight against infections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as many as 80% of the worlds people depend on traditional medicine for their primary health care need. Not only in developing countries but also in developed countries medicines contains materials from higher plants. Wood is one of the oldest sources of energy. According to FAO more than 10 billion people utilize wood for cooking and heating purposes. Wood energy is important of all renewable energy resources. They also provide us electricity by running the turbines. Using wood for fuel is the cheaper way of generating energy. Wood is use for keeping the houses warm during winter. Wood also provides fire in outdoor camping and bonfires. In early days wood is the major source of generating energy. With the industrial development people new sources of energy has been discovered. Natural oil resources are directly or indirectly obtained from trees. Fuel is Thought to be produced from the dead trees and animals which were present inside the earth ,the high pressure and temperature convert them into fuel. Trees that were burnt inside the earth not only provide oil but also coal and natural gas. source oilpalm_deforestation_indonesia_sumatra_edwards50595_352459.jpg Trees are decreasing all around the world. Man has been utilizing them since the old days. Besides providing oxygen, man use trees for many purposes. Our life directly or indirectly depends on trees. But with the increase in population of mankind, the increase population put a burden on trees growth. People started to cut more and more trees to fulfill their needs. For providing shelter to people new housing schemes has been started. For the construction of these colonies trees are cut at large level. When trees are cut rapidly there function as an environmental cleaner is reduced. This also disturbs the natural ecosystem.Many birds and animals are forced to leave their habitats which affect their lives at greater extent. Trees are harvested mainly for furniture and as a source of food. In developing countries, trees are cut down as a source of fuel. Trees decrease not only due to human activities but also due to natural disasters like floods, volcanic eruption and forest fires. Acco rding to FAO 13 million hectares-of worlds population are cut and converted to other land uses every year. For biofuel a great number of trees are cut down for meeting the power resources. The rapid decrease in trees has very negative aspects on every creature of earth. Over 8000 tree species, 10% of the worlds total trees are threatened with extinction (UNEP). In cities trees are cut down due to which a clean and pure environment is not available. Forests are shrinking and cities are expanding. People living in cities prefer to spend their free time in recreation parks and gardens available with trees of many kinds. The forest degradation and industrial revolution results into increase in environmental pollutants and global warming. It is also due to the mismanagement of government. It is the case mostly in developing countries ,where government has little technical staff to manage and monitor thousands of hectors of forest resources. Moreover, general public also do not take their responsibility and show very non serious attitude towards the threat faced by trees. Source : Forest and Agricultural department Forests cover roughly 30% of the worlds land area. Three percentage of the earths forest cover was lost between 1990 and 2005 and there has been no significant decrease in the rate of deforestation over the past 20 years. Some 96% of deforestation occurs in tropical regions (FAO). Major challenge is to recognize the strategic importance of trees. Environmental conditions are getting worse. All types of pollution have very serious effects on all the life existing on earth. Government should take urgent steps to play its role in developing a healthy and pure environment. It should allocate an appropriate amount of funds and appoint technical and experienced staff and use the most advance technology. That staff should make policies which can easily be implemented and have very fruitful outcome. Government should make laws and put a ban on cutting of endanger species of trees. Different teams under the supervision of Government should go to school and collages to persuade students to pla nt more and more trees, books can also be published and documentaries related to trees importance can be shown on television. Small story books related to trees for children to make children environmental conscious at an early age. Public should also take the responsibility and help government in planting trees. Private sector especially the honors of different firms and industries can play a vital role. They help in providing seeds for plantation and an appropriate place helpful in the growth of trees. Public awareness programs especially in villages to convince people in understanding that trees not only provide food to them and their animals but also a source of earning livelihood and in this way they can improve their standard of living. The point here is that we should not only plant trees once, but also take care of them. A part from purifying the environment ,trees are helpful in our life in variety of ways, it is need of hour that as trees take care of our needs we should al so take care of them and provide them with a suitable environment for their growth and reproduction. Trees are the largest and longest living organism on earth. Trees are the marvelous chemical factory. Man is utilizing trees since the old days. Although world has progressed a lot, we are still dependent on these trees. The existence of man is very much dependent upon them. Trees are not only beneficial to mankind, but also to all organisms living on the earth. With increase in population trees are cut down much faster than their growth. The increase in pollution and decrease in the number of trees become the cause of global warming. It is our Moral duty to plant as much of trees as we can. We should not only plant them but also provide them suitable environment for growth. The health of our planet is base on the health of our ecosystem and survival of life.

Doc Edgerton :: essays research papers

Able to photograph a bullet in flight, Harold Eugene â€Å"Doc† Edgerton was born in April 6,1903 in Fremont, Nebraska. Harold Edgerton studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where from 1926 to 1931 he (and his associates) developed the modern stroboscope. Edgerton applied his discovery of the modern stroboscope to a wide range of fields. His discovery aided under-water photography and sonar research, photography in nature, and motion pictures. He taught thousands of students at MIT, and he enjoyed every minute of teaching.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgerton enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student, but he remained there for approximately 60 years. At MIT, Doc Edgerton was a professor of electrical engineering. As a graduate student at MIT, Edgerton developed an electric strobe light with which he produced flashes of 1/500,000 second. When the flash is used in a series, the progressive stages of an object in motion can be recorded on the same piece of film. An example of this would be Tennis by Edgerton. Now, flashes are at the speed of a few billionths of a second, this would not have been possible without the work of Doc Edgerton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The simplest kind of stroboscope is a revolving disk with usually one slit or hole, but sometimes more, in its periphery. These holes enable the observer to view the object. The revolutions of the disc can be synchronized, with the motion of the object. With the precise synchronization, even photographs of bullets in flight can be taken. The photographs are like contemporary motion picture frames.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only was the discovery of the modern high-speed stroboscope useful in photography, but also in the field of engineering. The stroboscope could be used to study wear, vibration, and distortion of moving parts while the parts of the machine are being used (the machine is running).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgerton was also involved in ocean research. He took a few photographic journeys with his good friend Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau gave Edgerton the nickname â€Å"Papa Flash.† Jacques Cousteau, at celebration for the life of Edgerton, said; â€Å"He (Edgerton) was the only human being I ever met that met life with as much enthusiasm†¦He was a perpetual dreamer.

Mental Health in Adolescents

Mental Health Service Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality Amy H Cheung, M D Carolyn S Dewa, Objectives: Despite being recognized as a serious public health concern, suicidality among adolescents and young adults is frequently missed, and completed suicide remains the second leading cause of death for young Canadians. With such close links between depression, suicidality, and completed suicide, any intervention must address all 3 of these issues.However, to develop effective interventions, we must understand the types and rates of mental health service use among adolescents and young adults. This study examines service use rates in young Canadians with depression and suicidality and the influence of sex on the types of service provider chosen. Methods: We used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Weil-Being. Our sample included 619 individuals, aged 15 to 24 years, who screened positive for depression and suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined mental health service use rates in general and by provider type.Results: Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% had not used any mental health services. This rate was higher for adolescents with suicidality at 50%. In young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression, 42% had not used any mental health services. Among young adults with suicidality, 48% had not accessed services. Female adolescents and young adults were more likely to receive services from nonspecialty mental health providers. Conclusions: In Canada, many adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not receive mental health services.Further, there may be a preferential treatment of young men by mental health specialists. Further research is needed to understand the quality of care received by these young Canadians and the factors influencing service use. (Can J Psychiatry 2007;52:228-232) Information on funding and support and author affi liations appears at the end of the article. Clinical Implications †¢ About 50% of adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not use mental health services. †¢ Strategies to increase service use in youth with depression are needed. Strategies to decrease differences between the sexes in service use are needed. Limitations †¢ The quality of care could not be examined from the CCHS 1. 2 data. †¢ The survey results were based on patient recall. †¢ Although this was a national population-based study, the sample size was small. 228 †¢ La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, vol 52, no 4, avril 2007 Mental Health Service Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality Key Words: adolescents, depression, suicidality, service use, young adults D pression and suicidality (ideation and attempts) among adolescents and young adults are frequently unrecognized and untreated by any health professionals. ‘ N ot only are depression and suicidality often linked, but both pose a significant burden on patients and their families. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in youth aged 15 to 18 years, second only to motor vehicle accidents. ^ Further, almost 50% of teens who complete suicide have a diagnosable mood disorder, such as depression, and have expressed suicidality prior to completing suicide. ^^ There are also consistent differences between male and female adolescents, with male adolescents more likely to complete suicide and female adolescents more likely to have depression and suicidality. ^ Policy-makers, families, and providers have struggled to understand how to address this significant public health issue. A first step in addressing the issue is to understand the mental health service use pattems among adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality.Given the differences in prevalence rates between young men and women, it is also critical to understand the in fluence of sex on service use in this age group. have a form of depression. ^ Further, according to a biannual survey of youth in the United States, more than 16% of US teenagers have had thoughts about suicide, and 10% had actually attempted suicide in the previous 12 months. ‘† We found similar rates in Canada, with almost 20% of teens aged 15 to 18 years reporting suicidality in their lifetime. † However, it is not known how many of these youth received mental health interventions.Given that depression and suicidality are so closely linked, it would be a reasonable first step to examine the rates of mental health service use among Canadian adolescents and young adults and, flirther, to look at which type of service provider they are seeing to address these problems. Therefore, this study examines the rates of service use in adolescents aged 15 to 18 and young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression and suicidality. We will also comment on how these service use rate s could be used to develop policies targeted at this population. MethodsSubjects The survey sample was drawn from the CCHS 1. 2. We examined a subsample of CCHS 1. 2 respondents aged 15 to 24 years. The total sample size for the CCHS 1. 2 is 36 984, with a sample size of 5646 for individuals between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Our subsample included 619 individuals who screened positive for a diagnosis of depression and (or) suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined the rates of mental health service use in general and according to provider type. Major Depressive Disorder. The diagnosis of MDD was evaluated in the CCHS 1. 2 through the use of structured interviews.The interview modules were drawn from the CIDI. ‘^ A diagnosis of MDD was derived from the CIDI. We used the 12-month estimates for MDD. Suicidality. Suicidal attempts and ideation were measured by using the questions on suicide in the depression section ofthe CCHS 1. 2 survey. Subjects were interviewed for sui cidality regardless of their screen for depression. Although there are significant risk differences between those with suicidal ideation and those with attempts, we combined these 2 groups in our analyses because of Statistics Canada reporting rules regarding rare events.Service Use. Service use for MDD and suicidality was measured with mental health service use questions. All service use was measured according to provider and place of contact in the following groups: GPs (nonpsychiatrist medical doctors), psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers or counsellors, and other professionals, including nurses, religious counsellors (such as ministers or rabbis), and naturopaths or other alternative health care practitioners. Service use for each of the groups was defined according to use and nonuse.Statistical Analyses The CCHS 1. 2 uses a stratified design with differences in sampling fractions across the strata, with some geographical 229 Several studies have examined the rates of m ental health service use by adolescents and young adults. However, most of these have been US-based studies. * These studies show that service use is less than 50% among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 years* and that up to 80% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years do not receive needed mental health services. Among adolescents with depression, 50% are not diagnosed prior to adulthood. * In Canada, the rates of depression and service use in Canadians aged 15 to 24 were examined in the Ontario Mental Health Supplement in the early 1990s,' which found the rate of service use in this age group to be less than 50%. However, aside from the supplement, no other Canadian study has examined the rates of service use by young Canadians aged 15 to 24 with depression.Therefore, even with the increasing recognition by policymakers and service providers that depression poses a significant burden on our youth and their families, there is very little research furthering our unde rstanding of this issue or helping to develop effective strategies to address it. Similarly, we know very little about young individuals with suicidality and their pattern of service use. US surveys have shown that more than 50% of youth who complete suicide Abbreviations used in this article CCHS 1. Cl CIDI GP MDD Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Heaith and Weli-Being confidence interval Composite International Diagnostic Interview general practicitioner major depressive disorder The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Voi 52, No 4, Aprii 2007 Original Research Table 1 Twelve-month service use rates by provider type among youth with major depression and sutcidality Any service % (95%CI) Psychiatrist % (95%CI) GP % (95%CI) Psychologist % (95%CI) Social worker or counsellor % (95%CI) Other provider % (95%CI)Respondents Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. suffered from major depression Male Female 56. 3 (34. 4 to 78. 1) 55. 9 (40. 7 to 71. 1) 45. 5 (21. 2 to 69. 9) 21. 4 (11. 2 to 31 . 6) 24. 6 (7. 2 to 42. 0) 30. 7 (17. 9 to 43. 6) 25. 2 (0. 5 to 49. 8) 16. 7 (7. 9 to 25. 5) 10. 8 (0. 9 to 20. 7) 39. 9 (24. 7 to 55. 0) 23. 9 (-0. 6 to 48. 3) 16. 4(8. 1 to 24. 8) Adults aged 19 to 24 years, suffered from major depression Men Women 52. 5 (37. 3 to 67. 8) 55. 6 (44. 3 to 66. 9) 28. 9 (15. 3 to 42. 5) 26. 1 (18. 0 to 34. 2) 37. (22. 2 to 51. 9) 45. 9 (35. 3 to 56. 5) 33. 9 (19. 2 to 48. 6) 21. 9 (13. 4 to 30. 5) 17. 6 (7. 8 to 27. 5) 29. 1 (20. 3 to 38. 0) 9. 5 (1. 9 to 17. 1) 21. 1 (12. 7 to 29. 5) Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. suffered from suicidality Male Female 36. 5 (18. 4 to 54. 5) 49. 0 (38. 5 to 59. 5) 23. 3 (6. 3 to 40. 3) 19. 3 (10. 9 to 27. 7) 14. 7 (4. 4 to 25. 1) 27. 2 (17. 7 to 36. 7) 21. 7 (4. 5 to 38. 8) 21. 0 (12. 3 to 29. 8) 13. 2 (4. 2 to 22. 2) 31. 9(22. 1 to 41. 7) 16. 2 (-1. 1 to 33. 4) 15. 9 (8. 5 to 23. 3)Adults aged 19 to 24 years, suffered from suicidaiity Men Women 39. 5(27. 1 to 51. 9) 50. 8 (37. 0 to 64. 6) 22. 6 (12. 3 to 33. 0) 17 . 5 (9. 6 to 25. 4) 27. 9 (16. 6 to 39. 1) 41. 3 (28. 3 to 54. 3) 24. 1 (10. 9 to 37. 3) 24. 6 (14. 0 to 35. 2) 12. 8 (4. 9 to 20. 7) 20. 8 (11. 6 to 30. 0) 9. 3 (2. 2 to 16. 4) 16. 2 (7. 0 to 25. 3) areas under- or overrepresented in the sample relative to their representation in the population. Therefore, we used the weights recommended by Statistics Canada when conducting analyses.Rates of service use for mental health reasons were calculated for subjects with MDD and (or) suicidality in the past 12 months. Service use rates were examined according to provider type and the sex ofthe subjects. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine for differences between young men and women with depression and (or) suicidality. Results Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% (95%CI, 28% to 53%) had not used any mental health services. The rate was higher for those with suicidality, at 50% (95%CI, 41% to 59%).Most adolescents and young adults with depression were either not accessing services at all or accessing services for their mental health problems through one provider. Among those aged 15 to 18 years, 22% (95%CI, 11% to 33%) accessed services through one provider, compared with 20% (95%CI, 14% to 27%) of those aged 19 to 24 years. Among young adults aged 19 to 24 years with depression, 42% (95%CI, 33% to 51%) had not used any health services for mental health reasons. For those with suicidality, 48% (95% CI, 39% to 5 8%) had not accessed services in the past 12 months.As with those with depression, most of our sample with suicidality either did not access services at all or accessed services through one provider. Among those aged 15 to 18 years with suicidality, 21% (95%CI, 14% to 28%) accessed services through one provider, compared with 22. 12% (95%CI, 14% to 30%) of those aged 19 to 24 years. 230 Differences between young men and women were not found in the overall use of mental health services. Service use by type of provider and sex are show n in Table 1.However, female adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression were more likely to use services from social workers and (or) counsellors, compared with male adolescents (female adolescents; 40% [95%CI, 25% to 55%]; male adolescents, 11% [95%CI, 1% to 21%]). Similarly, in young adults aged 19 to 24, a higher percentage of yotmg women saw social workers and (or) counsellors (women, 29% [95%CI, 20% to 38%]; men, 18% [95%CI, 8% to 28%]). For those with suicidality, female subjects in both age groups were more likely to use mental health services from GPs.Among those aged 15 to 18, 15% (95%CI, 4% to 25%) of male adolescents saw GPs, compared with 27% (95%CI, 18% to 37%) of female adolescents. Among those aged 19 to 24, 27. 9% (95%CI, 17% to 39%) of young men saw GPs, compared with 41% (95%CI, 28% to 54%) of young women. Overall, female adolescents and young adults with depression and (or) suicidality were more likely than male adolescents and young adults to use services fr om GPs (female subjects aged 15 to 18 years: x^ = 4. 53, dfl,P< 0. 03; aged 19 to 24: X = 14. 88, df 1, P < 0. 001) and from social workers and (or) ^ counsellors (aged 15to 18:^^=15. 54,dfl,P

In The Planned Invasion Of Normandy Essay

In The Planned Invasion Of Normandy Essay In The Planned Invasion Of Normandy Essay Saving Private Ryan is a movie about an American family who had lost three of their four sons in the battle during World War II, and the search for the last remaining son. Captain John Miller was sent on the rescue team to save Private James Ryan, the fourth and only remaining brother. However, this mission was not easy; finding him was really hard, but surviving tanks and enemy bullets was harder. â€Å"Eventually, they located Ryan, but when they ask him to leave, he refuses. He said that he could not leave his unit, who was assigned to hold a key bridge† (worldwariifilms). Miller decided to help him defend his position. If they succeeded, they could save both Private Ryan and his position, but, unfortunately, they found Miller’s body lying on among the battle field. This was what the movie Saving Private Ryan told us. This movie is a real history of D-Day the day that the U.S. military invaded Normandy. This movie has some truth in that it locates the area of the bat tle field and the date of D-Day, but it is somewhat incorrect in that there was never a commander Private Ryan or a Captain John Miller. Talking about the accuracy of this movie, when we watch the first scene, â€Å"this movie accurately portrays the horrors of war.† (amankarios1). The bullets from the German troops are shot to the U.S. military that is on the LCVPs boat as the heavy rain. In the result of trying to land the army, â€Å"the blood soaked sand, bodies slain along the shore, and the bloody ocean tide bring the movie scene to life†(amankarios1) on June 6, 1944. Considering the uniforms of each side, for the U.S. Army the uniforms are fairly accurate- the helmets, combat soldiers’ pants and shirts, also the guns they use, â€Å"especially the 101st Airborne uniforms and patch.†(amankarios1). The plan is also accurate, we learn from the movie that all of the soldiers will try to move to higher ground and take over Pointe-du-Hoc. Then they will storm Omaha Beach; as a sign that the war will begin. In addition, one of the most accurate parts of the movie is how it portrays the wounds of each soldier. One lost his arm or both arms. One lost his legs. One could see his entrails- liver, stomach, or intestine. Many were screaming or crying and trying to get their organs back in. Also this movie accurately describes the hardships and obstacles that soldiers have to face. Both mental and physical issue attack their bravery and motivation. During their mission, they lose fellow soldiers every day. â€Å"David Kenyon Webster, a soldier in the Parachute Infantry described a situation with him and a fellow soldier with the other soldier being injured and asking Webster to leave him behind† (amankarios1). On the other hand, some scenes of this movie are exaggerated. The first one is when Captain John Miller leads the rescue of Private Ryan. In fact, it would almost be impossible to find someone among a ton of troops and crowds. We can assume that this team was very lucky, otherwise it was very skillful in tracing someone behind enemy line. The second inaccuracy is that the name Captain John Miller is not real. There is no such name appearing in the history of D-Day. That means this rescue team is not real. Also â€Å"many of the smaller battles either went unnamed or had fictitious names. The final battle of the movie was at ‘Rommelle’ which actually did not exist in real life. Rommel was actually a German Field Commander during World War II.† (discoveryuk). Unforgettable, a main fictitious character Private Ryan himself is also created by a director. This name, as well as Miller, never existed in history, nor is he ever rescued by this made-up rescue team. However, â€Å"there is a man named Frederick ‘Fritz’ Niland from the 101st Airborne Division, who Private Ryan is modeled after.†(discoveryuk). Likewise, Fritz is one of four brothers whose three older brothers were killed during World War II, two at Utah Beach and one at Burma. Nevertheless, there is no report that he was rescued by any

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine.

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Taxation Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Taxation Project - Dissertation Example Due to changes in economic conditions, countries have been forced to review their VAT system so as to ensure economic stability and economic development sustainability. The United Kingdom is one of the countries that have well established VAT system. In the recent past, the UK government has increased its VAT rates as a way of generating more revenues to meet the ever increasing expenditures. Notably, this economic policy has had far-reaching effects on businesses and end consumers. This research paper examines the effects of increasing VAT rates in the country. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Background of VAT system in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Research Objectives and Aims†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Fluctuations of VAT in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Effects of Increase in VAT rates in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 An increase in Consumer Price Index UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Tax Evasion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Increase in compliance cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Increase in cost of Living among the general population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Lower levels of growth in the retail sector†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦16 Other Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦16 Summary of Previous Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Primary Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Secondary Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.18 Research Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 Questionnaire used for the Research Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..20 Critique of Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Chapter 4: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.27 APPENDIXES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Background to Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UK According to Adam and Browne (2009), value added tax (VAT) and income tax contribute more than two-thirds of total tax revenue in the United States, the UK, Canada and in other countries around the wor ld. The value added tax is a proportional tax paid in sales. It has been utilised as a mechanism for taxing goods and services consumed within a country’s economy. This is a consumption tax which is distinct from other consumption taxes which include sales and income taxes. VAT has become an important source of revenue in most countries. In the United Kingdom, the national government has been subjected to a great deal of pressure to increase its revenue to be used to facilitate balancing of the budget. In order to meet these demands, the state has resorted to VAT as the primary means of raising substantial revenues. Like in most countries around the world, UK government collects VAT at every stage of economic value addition process