Human genome online assignment Essay Example for Free

Human genome online assignment Essay 1) If genetic manipulation does become a reality, I think allowing non-disease characteristics to be altered would have serious ethical and social implications. Screening for diseases and treating or eradicating them totally would be a huge benefit to mankind, but to use genetic technology to produce â€Å"designer babies† will most likely lead to a social divide similar to that portrayed in the movie â€Å"Gattaca† (De Vito and Niccol, 1997). Such technology would most likely be expensive and only those who can afford it will benefit and gain undue advantage over those not fortunate enough to have the financial means to avail of the technology, leading to a social system where you have the genetically-enhanced superior class and the â€Å"inferior† citizens conceived the natural way. 2) I don’t think life insurance companies should have access to a person’s genetic information. As it is, I believe insurance policies already hold a lot of stipulations that policy holders more often than not, end up receiving the short end of the bargain. If insurance companies find out that a person has a predisposition to a disease, they could easily refuse to provide that person with insurance and that I think, would be unfair since they would be depriving that person of his need to secure financial aid in case he does get sick. In the interest of fairly sharing risks though, insurance companies may be allowed limited access to genetic information. Limited, because I believe the welfare of policy holders should still be of topmost priority and any form of discrimination against individuals should not be allowed. 3) Yes, I believe that the information from the Human Genome Project (HGP) will bring tremendous benefits to a lot of people in the next 20 years. Technology develops at a very fast pace and it is not impossible that Collins’ predictions may very well come true. Already, the underlying genetic problems responsible for certain diseases have already been identified and with the genetic map from the HGP, the causes of a lot of other afflictions will be identified and from there, therapies can and will be developed. Even though custom-made therapies will most likely be more difficult to develop and perfect, the identification of disease genes will still greatly benefit the general population (Nova Online, 2001). 4) I think we are not that prepared for the implications that will result from the applications of these information. Right now, our society is already struggling with various other ethical issues in other biotechnological fields like stem cell research and it would be too naive to ignore the present and potential issues that may arise due to the far-reaching consequences of the HGP. 5) I don’t think employers should have access to an individual’s genetic information since there is the danger that a person may be discriminated on the basis of his genetic profile. As of present, I think discrimination may be viewed as singling out an individual for what he is (e. g. his race, gender, etc. ), but to discriminate someone based on his genetic profile would also mean discriminating him for what he could be. A person can be at risk for a certain disease but that’s just it – it’s a probability, not a guarantee. Besides, it would also mean discounting a person’s capabilities in spite of whatever genetic condition he may have. There have been countless stories of people overcoming their disabilities so there is no reason that one should be discriminated or favored based on his genetic makeup. 6) I don’t think it is that surprising, especially if I consider that like me, these lower organisms are alive, so it’s really just logical that we do share something in common. Considering though how much more complex we seem to be compared to these organisms, then yes, it is surprising that we don’t seem to be that genetically different from them. 7) I believe that testing of unborn children should be confined to deleterious genes, i. e. those that have serious and possibly life-threatening consequences such as that with diseases. I believe it’s a matter of putting things in perspective. Traits and disabilities like homosexuality or color blindness may be undesirable but they really seem trivial compared to serious afflictions that may mean life or death for the child. 8) If it’s a curable or preventable disease, then I would probably be in favor of being tested so that I can take the necessary steps to prevent or prepare myself in case I do get sick. However, I can’t say that decision would be as simple in the case of non-treatable diseases, because as with the woman who tested positive for a BRCA mutation (Nova Online, 2001), knowing that I am at risk for a disease that has no cure will probably mean that I will be living my life everyday with a sword hanging over my head and it would be very hard to live life that way. 9) Yes, I would want my mate and I to be tested if we were carriers for a disease prior to having children. I wouldn’t want to take the risk of bearing a child only to have him/her suffer from the disease that we carry when we could’ve spared him/her from that difficult life. I believe that I owe it to my future child to have myself and my partner tested. 10) I don’t think genes or genomic material should be patented because as Lander has observed, apprehensions over whether a particular gene or part of the genome has already been patented has become a limiting factor in that drug companies usually wouldn’t want to take the risk of working on treatments that might already be protected by a patent (Nova Online, 2001). I believe that there are several ways that scientists can approach a disease and develop a treatment for it, so why patent genes or genomic material? Why not just let everybody have access to such information so that not only one drug company can work at a specific disease but rather several, so that there’s a better chance that one of them will be able to develop a treatment which they would then have all the right to patent? Let’s take for example the case of cystic fibrosis. The gene responsible for this disease was discovered way back in 1989 and yet no cure has been discovered up to now (Nova Online, 2001). It only goes to show that identifying the gene responsible for the disease does not automatically mean that the cure would also be discovered consequently, so why allow the burden of further limitations brought on by patents? References: De Vito, D. (Producer), Niccol, A. (Director). (1997). Gattaca [Motion Picture]. USA: Sony Pictures. NOVA Online. (2001). Cracking the code of life. Retrieved May 30, 2007, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/genome/program. html.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Essay -- Biography, Roman Emperor

Charles Hapsburg, who later became Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was born in the Flemish city of Ghent on February 24, 1500 (3) to Phillip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad (2). He had four sisters: Eleanor, Isabel, Mary, and Katherine. Ferdinand I was his only brother (7). His maternal grandparents were the very famous Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon who funded Columbus’s expeditions (6). His paternal grandfather was Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (7). Charles V was raised in the Netherlands without his parents (3). His aunt, Margaret of Austria raised him after the death of his father (9) due to the fact that his mother was insane and therefore incapable of caring for him (11). Adrian of Utrecht, who later became Pope Adrian VI, taught Charles V during his early years and became a mentor of sorts to him (8). Charles V married Isabel of Portugal in 1526. They were married for thirteen years and had three children named Mary, Joanna, and Phillip II (7). Charles V died on September 21, 1558 at the San Jeronimo de Yuste monastery in Spain (3) from malaria (4) nineteen years after his wife had passed away (7). Charles V gained control of the Netherlands and many other countries when his father passed away. At the age of 16, his grandfather, Ferdinand II died, leaving Charles V as joint ruler of Castile and the full ruler of Aragon, Naples, and Spanish America as well as multiple other kingdoms. The death of Ferdinand II opened the door for Charles V to become King Carlos I of Spain in 1516. In 1519 when Maximilian I died, Charles V was left with the Hapsburg domains and was elected Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (11). With all of the nations he inherited combined, his domain was estimated at four millio... ...is retirement, Charles went to live in a Spanish monastery until his death (3). Charles V essentially failed in all aspects of his universal empire plan (3). In the end, he was never able to stop the spread of the Reformation in his empire (5). Although he fell short of his own goals for his reign, people still remember him for his sense of duty, strength of will, and integrity (11). Although Charles V’s reign was not as successful as he would have liked, he is credited with carrying on the very powerful Hapsburg line. All of the children he fathered went on to continue it. His son, Phillip II, married Mary of England (7) who is also known as Bloody Mary (13). This marriage made him Queen Elizabeth I of England’s brother-in-law. Marriages of Charles V’s descendents to the royal elite of Europe assured the Hapsburg legacy for many generations to follow (7).

A Summary Of Three Main Points You Gained

A manager is designated by an employer to make sure things are to run smooth, and are to always the visionaries the company hoped they would be. A leader on the other hand, is a visionary that uses there vision to exceed and bring forth the full potential Of their employees, and company. They are strategic thinkers asking questions of what there strength and weakness. They question on how they can use these strengths to improve weaknesses and if possible build upon what they are already good at.Leaders use strategic thinking to formulate and implement their mission, vision, and goals. They also build Consensus, meaning they â€Å"question the status quo. They challenge their own ND others' assumptions and encourage divergent points of view. (â€Å"Strategic Leadership: The Essential Skills†) Leaders do not rush they take there time to implement their plans at the perfect, precise moment. The ability to execute impeccably helps make there visions successful. Strategic Leadersh ip: The Essential Skills. (2013, January 1).Retrieved January 22, 201 5, from HTTPS:// hub. Org/2013/strategic-leadership-the-essential-skills 2. Your findings and connections that you make (What seems particularly true or sensible to you as you read, and why you think so? Does this article connect in any ways to: course lecture content and other readings in this course, prior knowledge? ) This article makes complete since. Feel that the article can connect to really anything in our lives: work, team sports, volunteering, school, kids, marriage and etc.Being a leader in notes our personal lives but in our careers is what makes us successful. This also helps us with accountability and improves things even when we may think is good enough. This is how we make ourselves and other to become better in life. This is also how I see our Hooch's. Hooch's have a â€Å"array of services effectively designed, aligned, integrated and continuously improved† (page, 71 ) They are a strategic foundation that sets decisions on its mission, vision, and values.This meaning that it has to continuously strategically thinking of ways to make care provided to patients better. Hooch's also have to have a way of consensus; this is how goals are met by everyone to a common ground to be successful. Implantation of plans for Hooch's must also like a leader be executed at the proper times. If plans are not executed at the proper time they can cause a upset or imbalance which could effect the over all goals of the HOC. White, K. , & Griffith, J. (2010). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization.

What Constitutes Crime And Cybercrime, And Differences...

globally and this can be directly linked to the differences in the definition of what constitutes crime and cybercrime, and differences in Legal System of various nations. The differences in definition are because of the fundamentals of traditional criminal law. In criminal law, there are two important elements that must be present. It is a common test of criminality expressed in this Latin phrase: ’actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea’, which means the act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty. The onus is to prove that, there is an actus reus, or guilty act, and a corresponding mens rea present before there is a conclusion that a crime has been committed. It also follows that a person acting in a mental fault cannot sustain†¦show more content†¦Therefore in both cases the extent that the computer is used as a tool or instrument to commit a crime determines the proof of culpability. The actus reus of the computer crime is its content. Relating this to cy bercrimes lies in the communication means through which the crime was committed that is; the internet and the connectivity of computers. Therefore the crime committed through the use of the internet connectivity, primarily qualifies the offence as if the offence concerned relates to tangible property. The definition of what constitutes a computer crime varies from country to country. There is no universally accepted definition . In practice the two similar category of crime have been treated as two separate form of crime. Some Commonwealth countries, follow the United Kingdom in legislating new laws to deal with computer crime and existing laws to deal with cybercrime and modifying the existing law to accommodate the ever evolving technological development and appropriate enforcement mechanisms. The modification of existing laws does not always occur at the same rate as the technology that facilitates the crime leading to ‘a lost in translation phenomenon’ making the ne w law either antiquated or inadequate for the crime for which it was initially modified to deal with.